Every year more than two million Americans fall and sustain serious injury, costing in excess of $3 billion dollars.  Hidden costs include pain, disability, lawsuits, deterioration in general well-being, and the impact on other family members.  Falls and the resulting injuries have become one of the elderly's most serious health issues.  As our senior population continues to grow, falls and their consequences will increase in the future.

Causes

The accumulation of injuries throughout life change or damage the central nervous system (CNS) and the body as a whole, and our bodies deteriorate through inactivity. Vision diminishes with advancing age, and this directly effects the sensory systems involved with movement. The sensory cells in the ears' balance system change, gradually decrease and cannot be replaced. The nerves which carry sensory information to the brain from the muscles, joints and skin can also deteriorate with age. The ability of nerve endings to generate the chemicals responsible for the transmission of information also seem to be affected by aging. This process accelerates after the age of 50.

Many diseases affect the CNS and sense organs. Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) is probably the worst; it is accelerated by hypertension smoking, and diabetes. Although it gradually increases during middle age, there is a point at which a slight additional decrease in blood flow causes serious vascular impairment such as a stroke.

Head injuries, sometimes caused by falls, can damage the sense organs in the inner ears, or the brain itself. The worst disability occurs when both sense organs and CNS structures are damaged simultaneously. Physical activity is very important for recovery from injury to the sensory systems. The general debility of aging can negatively affect recovery if it results in a decreased level of activity.

Diseases of the eyes, such as glaucoma and cataracts, decrease visual sensory function and are a common problem in old age. Injuries to the knees, hips, and back often do not completely heal, leaving some limitation of motion. Arthritis can cause permanent crippling, non-reversible effects. Osteoporosis leads to bone weakness and increases the probability of serious injury from a fall, or might cause a spontaneous fracture and lead to a fall. Muscle strength gradually decreases with age. Joint tendons and ligaments lose their flexibility and limit motion. The combined ravages of bone and joint injury, arthritis, and inactivity can result in a body which cannot carry out motion commands initiated by the brain.

 Prevention

As many of the problems responsible for falling develop during early and middle age, initial efforts to prevent injuries must be aimed at younger age groups. Many of the changes in muscle, bone and the central nervous system are not inevitable results of aging, but are brought on by inactive lifestyles and self-inflicted damage from smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise. Although hardening of the arteries is occasionally hereditary, in most cases it can be reduced by diets low in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, as well as regular physical exercise. This stimulates the muscles as well as the cardiovascular system and could greatly reduce this problem. If there is a family history of hardening of the arteries, medications to lower cholesterol are available. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypertension can make a difference in the progression of arteriosclerosis. Smoking cessation might also help reduce this disorder.

Many of the medications used to treat hypertension, heart disease, allergy, insomnia, stomach acidity, and depression have side effects which influence brain function and can increase the likelihood of falling. In this time of specialization it is possible for one patient to receive prescriptions from several physicians that might have additive side effects on brain and sensory function. Patients should keep a complete list of all their medications and dosages, and make this list available to each physician they consult. Coordination of all medications through a single primary care physician would help avoid adverse drug reactions. Many pharmacies use computer systems to warn the pharmacist about potential drug interactions. This requires that the patient purchase all medications from the same pharmacy or list all medications with each pharmacy. Unfortunately some over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, sleeping medications, analgesics and cough suppressants can add to the side effects of prescription medications. Alcohol also affects movement and judgement and adversely interacts with many medications.

Health

• Have your vision and hearing checked regularly. If your vision and hearing are impaired, you may lose important cues that help you maintain your balance.
• Get up slowly. A momentary drop in blood pressure, due to drugs or aging, can cause dizziness if you stand up too quickly.
• Maintain balance and footing. If you sometimes feel dizzy, use a cane or walker to help you to keep your balance on uneven ground or slippery surfaces. Wear sturdy, low-heeled shoes with wide, nonslip soles.
• Exercise regularly. Regular exercise improves your strength, muscle tone, and coordination. This can not only help prevent falls, it can reduce the severity of injury if you do fall. Walking is a good form of exercise.

Home

• Remove raised doorway thresholds in all rooms. Rearrange furniture, if necessary, to keep electrical cords and furniture out of walking paths. Fasten area carpets to the floor with tape or tacks, and don't use throw rugs.
• Don't use difficult to reach shelves. Never stand on a chair. Use nonskid floor wax and wipe up spills immediately.
• Be sure stairways are well lighted and have sturdy hand rails. If you have a vision problem apply brightly colored tape to the first and last steps.
• Install grab handles and nonskid mats inside and just outside your shower and tub, and near the toilet. Shower chairs and bath benches minimize the risk of falling.
• Put a light switch by the bedroom door and by your bed so you don't have to walk across the room to turn on a light. Night lights in your bedrooms, halls, and bathrooms are a good idea.

 Rehabilitation

What about patients who have already fallen? Although rehabilitation is not perfected, much can be done.

• The first task is a thorough and complete evaluation of the patient's sensory, CNS, and muscle/joint function.
• A careful evaluation of the balance function should be performed. This includes a search for causes of dizziness, such as inner ear diseases that cause imbalance: an evaluation of the inner ear balance system which might be adversely affected by certain drugs (such as a class of antibiotics known as aminoglycosides); trauma; and the aging process.
• Tests of higher mental function are important since falling may be a sign of serious mental deterioration.
• A careful review of all medications (both prescription and over-the-counter) used by the patient is very important. If the patient needs medication for anxiety or depression, switching from a long-acting drug to one which is more quickly passed from the body seems to decrease the risk of falling.

All correctable problems should be treated. Visual correction with proper eyeglasses, improvement of hearing by hearing aids, adjustment or elimination of medications, and correction of hypertension or any other disease which could impair balance must be accomplished.

Rehabilitation includes increasing the range of motion as well as physical strength. A very important part of rehabilitation is helping patients overcome their fear of falling and thus avoid further injury. Walkers and canes can aid stability, and adaptations in the home are important. Simple changes such as installing hand holds in bathrooms or along walls could decrease the likelihood of falling and increase patient confidence. Removing the patient from a familiar environment, or drastically changing it, often hampers recovery

As soon as possible, rehabilitation should be moved to an outpatient setting with participation of family members and home support groups. Rapid return to physical activity and social interaction with family and community can often stop the vicious spiral into inactivity, reclusiveness, and progressive deterioration.

What is Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery?

Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery is a specialty concerned with the medical and surgical treatment of the ears, nose, throat and related structures of the head and neck. The specialty encompasses cosmetic facial reconstruction, surgery of benign and malignant tumors of the head and neck, management of patients with loss of hearing and balance, endoscopic examination of air and food passages, and treatment of allergic, sinus, laryngeal, thyroid and esophageal disorders.

To qualify for the American Board of Otolaryngology certification examination, a physician must complete five or more years of post-M.D. (or D.O.) specialty training.

© 1995. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc. This leaflet is published as a public service. The material may be freely used for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Inc., One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314-3357